');mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8, ');content:'';margin:0 .4rem;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;line-height:1}.breadcrumb-trail .trail-items li:last-child:after{display:none}.bloghash-breadcrumbs{font-size:1.4rem;border-width:0}#page .page-header .bloghash-breadcrumbs a>span{color:inherit}#bloghash-copyright .bloghash-flex-row>div:empty{display:none}#bloghash-copyright>.bloghash-container>.bloghash-flex-row>div{width:auto;padding-top:.6rem;padding-bottom:.6rem}.bloghash-copyright-layout-1 #bloghash-copyright>.bloghash-container>.bloghash-flex-row>div{-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}#bloghash-scroll-top{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;position:fixed;bottom:2.5rem;right:2rem;z-index:997;width:4rem;height:4rem;opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,3rem,0);transform:translate3d(0,3rem,0)}#bloghash-scroll-top .bloghash-scroll-icon{overflow:hidden;z-index:2}#bloghash-scroll-top .bloghash-icon{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;height:2rem;color:var(--bloghash-white);-webkit-transform:translateY(1.1rem);-ms-transform:translateY(1.1rem);transform:translateY(1.1rem)}#bloghash-scroll-top:before{content:'';z-index:1;border-radius:10rem;background-color:var(--bloghash-primary);-webkit-transform:scale(1);-ms-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1);border:.1rem solid rgba(185,185,185,.4)}#bloghash-scroll-top svg{fill:var(--bloghash-white)}.bloghash-widget.widget:not(.widget_text):not(.hester-core-custom-list-widget) ol{list-style:none;margin-left:0;margin-right:0}#main .bloghash-widget{overflow:hidden}#main .bloghash-widget{margin-bottom:4rem}.widget ol{line-height:1.5}.widget ol:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.widget ol li{margin-bottom:1rem}.widget.bloghash-entry p{margin-top:1.6rem;margin-bottom:1.6rem}.widget.bloghash-entry p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.widget.widget_block li a{position:relative;z-index:0}.widget.widget_recent_comments li{margin-bottom:1.6rem}.bloghash-entry>:first-child{margin-top:0}.bloghash-entry>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.bloghash-entry ol{margin-left:4rem}.bloghash-entry ol{margin-bottom:2rem;margin-top:2rem}.bloghash-entry p{margin-bottom:1.5rem;margin-top:1.5rem}.author-avatar img{border-radius:var(--bloghash-full-radius);width:3rem;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:.8rem;display:inline-block;outline:1px solid rgba(185,185,185,.4)}#main .content-area .entry-meta a{color:inherit}.entry-meta{font-size:1.3rem;font-weight:600;margin-top:1.2rem}.entry-meta .bloghash-icon{height:1.827rem;margin-right:.7rem;vertical-align:text-bottom}.entry-meta .entry-meta-elements>span{padding:0 1rem;line-height:1.2}.entry-meta .entry-meta-elements>span.posted-on{line-height:1.5}.entry-meta .entry-meta-elements>span,.entry-meta .entry-meta-elements>span .posted-by{-js-display:inline-flex;display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}.entry-meta .entry-meta-elements>span:first-child{padding-left:0}.entry-meta .entry-meta-elements>span:last-child{margin-right:0;padding-right:0}.entry-meta .entry-meta-elements>span:before{content:'';position:relative;left:-1.1rem;width:4px;height:4px;border-radius:100%;background-color:var(--bloghash-primary)}.entry-meta .entry-meta-elements>span:first-child:before{display:none}.entry-media{margin-bottom:2.5rem}.entry-media img{margin:0 auto;display:block}.single-post .entry-content{margin-top:4rem}.single-post .entry-media{margin-bottom:4rem}.single .post-category{margin-bottom:.3rem;font-size:1.4rem}.single .post-category a{-js-display:inline-flex;display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;margin:0 .4rem .8rem}.single .entry-header{text-align:start;margin-bottom:1rem}.single .entry-meta{text-align:start;margin-top:1.6rem}.single .entry-content{margin-bottom:5rem}.single .post-nav .nav-previous .nav-content span{padding-right:2rem}.single .post-nav .nav-next .nav-content span:not(.ss-on-media-image-wrap){text-align:end;padding-left:2rem}.single.bloghash-page-title-align-left .bloghash-article>.entry-header,.single.bloghash-page-title-align-left .bloghash-article>.post-category{text-align:start}.single.bloghash-page-title-align-left .bloghash-article>.entry-meta>.entry-meta-elements{-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start}#cancel-comment-reply-link{font-size:1.3rem;border-radius:var(--bloghash-normal-radius);border:.2rem solid currentColor;font-weight:500;padding:.4rem .7rem;line-height:1;text-decoration:none;text-transform:capitalize;margin-left:1.4rem;color:inherit}button.bloghash-animate-arrow{-webkit-appearance:none;border:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;background:0 0;outline:none}.bloghash-animate-arrow .arrow-bar{-webkit-transform:scaleX(0);-ms-transform:scaleX(0);transform:scaleX(0)}.bloghash-animate-arrow svg{vertical-align:middle}.bloghash-animate-arrow.right-arrow svg{-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);-ms-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg)}.bloghash-animate-arrow.right-arrow .arrow-bar{-webkit-transform-origin:100% 0;-ms-transform-origin:100% 0;transform-origin:100% 0}.bloghash-animate-arrow.right-arrow .arrow-handle{-webkit-transform:translateX(.6rem);-ms-transform:translateX(.6rem);transform:translateX(.6rem)}.bloghash-hamburger{padding:0;display:inline-block;font:inherit;color:inherit;text-transform:none;background-color:transparent;border:0;margin:0;overflow:visible}.hamburger-box{width:2.5rem;height:1.4rem;display:inline-block;position:relative}.hamburger-inner{display:block;top:50%;margin-top:-.1rem}.hamburger-inner,.hamburger-inner:before,.hamburger-inner:after{width:2.8rem;height:2px;background-color:#111827;border-radius:var(--bloghash-normal-radius);position:absolute}.hamburger-inner:before,.hamburger-inner:after{content:"";display:block}.hamburger-inner:before{top:-5px}.hamburger-inner:after{bottom:-5px}.bloghash-mobile-nav{order:1;display:none;margin-left:2.4rem}.bloghash-hamburger,.bloghash-mobile-nav{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}body:not(.is-mobile-menu-active) .bloghash-hamburger .hamburger-box .hamburger-inner:before{width:1.5rem}.bloghash-hamburger{-js-display:inline-flex;display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;border-radius:var(--bloghash-normal-radius)}.bloghash-hamburger .hamburger-inner,.bloghash-hamburger .hamburger-inner:before,.bloghash-hamburger .hamburger-inner:after{background-color:currentColor}#bloghash-header:after{content:'';position:fixed;top:100%;left:0;right:0;height:100vh;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.85);z-index:991;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;will-change:opacity,visibility;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);transform:translate3d(0,0,0)}@media only screen and (min-width:600px){.site .bloghash-flex-row .start-sm{-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start;text-align:start}.site .bloghash-flex-row .end-sm{-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;text-align:end;margin-left:auto}}@media only screen and (min-width:782px){.site .bloghash-flex-row .col-md{-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-negative:1;flex-shrink:1;max-width:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:0;flex-basis:0}.site .bloghash-flex-row .col-md.flex-basis-auto{-ms-flex-preferred-size:auto;flex-basis:auto}.site .bloghash-flex-row .end-md{-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;text-align:end;margin-left:auto}}@media only screen and (max-width:868px){.bloghash-hide-mobile-tablet{display:none!important}.bloghash-container{padding:0 3rem}.bloghash-header-widgets .bloghash-header-widget,.bloghash-header-widgets .bloghash-header-widget.bloghash-header-widget__button{padding-left:1rem;padding-right:1rem}.bloghash-mobile-nav{margin-left:1.6rem}}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){#bloghash-header-inner .bloghash-widget-wrapper,.bloghash-header-element,.bloghash-header-widgets .bloghash-header-widget{position:static}.bloghash-header-widgets .dropdown-item:after{display:none}.page-header>.bloghash-container{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}.author-avatar img{display:none}}@media only screen and (max-width:480px){#page{min-height:-webkit-fill-available}}@media only screen and (max-width:960px){#bloghash-topbar>.bloghash-container>.bloghash-flex-row>div .bloghash-topbar-widget{padding-top:.6rem;padding-bottom:.6rem}#bloghash-topbar .bloghash-topbar-widget{padding-left:.8rem;padding-right:.8rem}.bloghash-topbar__separators-regular #bloghash-topbar .bloghash-topbar-widget:after{margin-left:.8rem}#main>.bloghash-container{display:block}#primary{max-width:100%!important;padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important;margin-top:4rem}.site-main #secondary{width:100%;margin-top:4rem}}@media all and (-ms-high-contrast:none),(-ms-high-contrast:active){.site .bloghash-flex-row:after{content:'';display:block;min-height:inherit;font-size:0}.bloghash-btn{height:1rem}#main>.bloghash-container #primary{-ms-flex-preferred-size:0%;flex-basis:0%}}.bloghash-btn{background-color:var(--bloghash-primary)}#bloghash-topbar .bloghash-topbar-widget__text .bloghash-icon{color:var(--bloghash-primary)}#masthead .bloghash-header-widgets .dropdown-item:after,.bloghash-nav>ul .sub-menu:after{border-bottom-color:var(--bloghash-primary);outline:none!important}.bloghash-header-widgets .dropdown-item,.bloghash-nav .sub-menu{border-top-color:var(--bloghash-primary)}::-webkit-selection{background-color:var(--bloghash-primary);color:var(--bloghash-white)}::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{background:rgba(0,0,0,.2)}::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover{background:rgba(0,0,0,.4)}.mr-1{margin-right:.4rem}a.bloghash-btn i{font-size:105%;vertical-align:baseline}a.bloghash-btn i:before{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle}a.bloghash-btn span{vertical-align:baseline;line-height:normal}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){*{animation-duration:0s!important}}.bloghash-glassmorphism{position:fixed;right:0;left:0;bottom:0;display:flex;overflow:hidden;z-index:-1}.bloghash-glassmorphism .block{width:28.8rem;height:28.8rem;filter:blur(64px);mix-blend-mode:multiply;border-radius:999px;display:block;opacity:.1}.bloghash-glassmorphism .block.one{margin-top:5rem;background-color:rgba(239,35,60)}.bloghash-glassmorphism .block.two{margin-top:16rem;margin-left:-8rem;background-color:rgba(4,134,139)}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.bloghash-glassmorphism{top:4rem}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.bloghash-glassmorphism .block{width:38.4rem;height:38.4rem}}@media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.bloghash-glassmorphism{top:8rem}}.post-category .cat-links a.cat-31{color:#f43676;background:#fdd7e4}:root{--bloghash-primary:#f43676;--bloghash-primary_80:#fdd7e4;--bloghash-primary_15:#f6558b;--bloghash-primary_27:rgba(244,54,118,.27);--bloghash-primary_10:rgba(244,54,118,.1)}#bloghash-topbar{background:#f43676;background:-webkit-linear-gradient(45deg,#f43676 0,rgba(226,181,181,.39) 100%);background:-o-linear-gradient(45deg,#f43676 0,rgba(226,181,181,.39) 100%);background:linear-gradient(45deg,#f43676 0,rgba(226,181,181,.39) 100%)}#bloghash-topbar{border-style:solid}.bloghash-topbar-widget:after{background-color:#ccc}#bloghash-topbar{color:#002050}.bloghash-topbar-widget .bloghash-nav>ul>li>a,#bloghash-topbar .bloghash-topbar-widget__text .bloghash-icon{color:#302d55}#bloghash-header-inner{background:#fff}#bloghash-header,.bloghash-header-widgets a:not(.bloghash-btn),.bloghash-logo a,.bloghash-hamburger{color:#131315}#bloghash-header-inner{border-color:rgba(185,185,185,.4);border-bottom-width:1px}.bloghash-header-widget:after{background-color:#ccc}@media screen and (max-width:960px){#bloghash-header-inner .bloghash-nav{display:none;color:#000}.bloghash-mobile-toggen,.bloghash-mobile-nav{display:inline-flex}#bloghash-header-inner{position:relative}#bloghash-header-inner .bloghash-nav>ul>li>a{color:inherit}#bloghash-header-inner .site-navigation{display:none;position:absolute;top:100%;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:100vh;left:0;right:0;margin:-1px 0 0;background:#fff;border-top:1px solid #eaeaea;box-shadow:0 15px 25px -10px rgba(50,52,54,.125);z-index:999;font-size:1.7rem;padding:0}#bloghash-header-inner .site-navigation>ul{overflow-y:auto;max-height:68vh;display:block}#bloghash-header-inner .site-navigation>ul>li>a{padding:0!important}#bloghash-header-inner .site-navigation>ul li{display:block;width:100%;padding:0;margin:0;margin-left:0!important}#bloghash-header-inner .site-navigation>ul .sub-menu{position:static;display:none;border:none;box-shadow:none;border:0;opacity:1;visibility:visible;font-size:1.7rem;transform:none;background:#f8f8f8;min-width:initial;left:0;padding:0;margin:0;border-radius:0;line-height:inherit}#bloghash-header-inner .site-navigation>ul .sub-menu>li>a>span{padding-left:50px!important}#bloghash-header-inner .site-navigation>ul .sub-menu a>span{padding:10px 30px 10px 50px}#bloghash-header-inner .site-navigation>ul a{padding:0;position:relative;background:0 0}#bloghash-header-inner .site-navigation>ul li{border-bottom:1px solid #eaeaea}#bloghash-header-inner .site-navigation>ul>li:last-child{border-bottom:0}#bloghash-header-inner .site-navigation>ul a>span{padding:10px 30px!important;width:100%;display:block}#bloghash-header-inner .site-navigation>ul a>span:after,#bloghash-header-inner .site-navigation>ul a>span:before{display:none!important}#bloghash-header-inner .site-navigation>ul .menu-item-has-children>a{display:inline-flex;width:100%;max-width:calc(100% - 50px)}#bloghash-header-inner .bloghash-nav .menu-item-has-children>a>span{border-right:1px solid rgba(185,185,185,.4)}#bloghash-header-inner .bloghash-nav .menu-item-has-children>a>.bloghash-icon{transform:none;width:50px;margin:0;position:absolute;right:0;height:1em;display:none}.bloghash-mobile-toggen{width:50px;height:1em;background:0 0;border:none}.bloghash-mobile-toggen .bloghash-icon{transform:none;width:50px;margin:0;position:absolute;right:0;height:1em}}.bloghash-nav.bloghash-header-element,.bloghash-header-layout-1 .bloghash-header-widgets{font-weight:600;font-family:"Inter Tight",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.7rem;line-height:1.5}#secondary{width:30%}body:not(.bloghash-no-sidebar) #primary{max-width:70%}.bloghash-layout__boxed-separated #content>article,.bloghash-layout__boxed-separated.bloghash-sidebar-style-2 #secondary .bloghash-widget{background-color:#fff}body{color:#002050}h1,a,.entry-meta{color:#302d55}:root{--bloghash-secondary:#302d55}.bloghash-container{max-width:1480px}.bloghash-logo img{max-height:45px}.bloghash-logo .logo-inner{margin-top:27px;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:27px;margin-left:10px}@media only screen and (max-width:768px){.bloghash-logo .logo-inner{margin-top:25px;margin-right:1px;margin-bottom:25px}}.page-header{background:rgba(244,54,118,.1)}.page-header{border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.062);border-style:solid;border-bottom-width:1px}.bloghash-breadcrumbs{padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px}html{font-size:62.5%}@media only screen and (max-width:768px){html{font-size:53%}}@media only screen and (max-width:480px){html{font-size:50%}}*{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-weight:400;font-family:"Be Vietnam Pro",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.7rem;line-height:1.75}h1{font-weight:700;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;text-decoration:none;font-family:"Be Vietnam Pro",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}h1{font-weight:700;font-size:4rem;line-height:1.4}.single-post .entry-content{font-size:1.6rem}.bloghash-btn{color:#fff;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.12);border-width:.1rem;border-top-left-radius:.8rem;border-top-right-radius:.8rem;border-bottom-right-radius:.8rem;border-bottom-left-radius:.8rem}.bloghash-btn{font-weight:500;font-family:"Be Vietnam Pro",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.8rem}.ss-on-media-wrapper .ss-social-icons-container>li>.ss-ss-on-media-button,.ss-popup-overlay .ss-copy-action .ss-button,.ss-popup-overlay .ss-popup .ss-close-modal,.ss-popup-overlay .ss-popup .ss-popup-networks .ss-popup-network>a{border:0;text-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none;text-transform:none;letter-spacing:0}.ss-on-media-wrapper .ss-social-icons-container>li>.ss-pinit-button,.ss-social-icons-container>li .ss-ss-on-media-button:after{outline:0}.ss-svg-icon{height:16px;width:auto;vertical-align:text-bottom;fill:currentColor}.ss-envelope-color{background-color:#323b43}.ss-facebook-color{background-color:#1877f2}.ss-twitter-color{background-color:#000}.ss-linkedin-color{background-color:#2867b2}.ss-pinterest-color{background-color:#bd081c}.ss-copy-color{background-color:#323b43}.ss-print-color{background-color:#323b43}.ss-mix-color{background-color:#ff8226}.ss-clearfix:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both}:root{--ss-wpadminbar-height:0px}.ss-on-media-image-wrap{display:inline-block!important;position:relative!important;line-height:0}.ss-on-media-image-wrap>img{margin:0!important}.ss-on-media-container{position:relative;margin:0!important;line-height:0}.ss-on-media-container.wp-post-image{text-align:center}.ss-on-media-wrapper{display:none}.ss-on-media-wrapper.ss-on-media-always-visible .ss-social-icons-container{opacity:1}.ss-on-media-wrapper .ss-social-icons-container{opacity:0;position:absolute;z-index:1;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding:0!important;max-width:initial!important}.ss-on-media-wrapper .ss-social-icons-container>li{display:inline-block;float:left}.ss-on-media-wrapper .ss-social-icons-container>li>.ss-ss-on-media-button{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex}.ss-on-media-wrapper .ss-social-icons-container>li>.ss-ss-on-media-button span{position:relative}.ss-on-media-wrapper .ss-social-icons-container>li>.ss-pinit-button{-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;white-space:nowrap;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Arial,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;font-weight:400;height:auto!important;width:auto!important;line-height:1!important;padding:10px 16px}.ss-on-media-wrapper .ss-social-icons-container>li>.ss-pinit-button .ss-on-media-content{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.ss-on-media-wrapper .ss-social-icons-container>li>.ss-pinit-button svg{width:auto;margin-right:6px}.ss-on-media-wrapper.ss-top-left-on-media .ss-social-icons-container{top:15px;left:15px}.ss-on-media-wrapper.ss-with-spacing.ss-top-left-on-media .ss-social-icons-container{left:12px}.ss-on-media-wrapper.ss-regular-icons .ss-social-icons-container>li>.ss-pinit-button{padding:12px 18px}.ss-popup-overlay{display:none;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Arial,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:initial;content:"";position:fixed;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;z-index:99999;background:rgba(202,202,202,.75);opacity:0}.ss-popup-overlay .ss-copy-action{position:relative;display:none}.ss-popup-overlay .ss-copy-action .ss-copy-action-field{border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);border-radius:2px;color:#323b43;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;height:48px!important;line-height:48px!important;padding:0 120px 0 50px!important;text-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;outline:0;background-color:#fff;margin:0}.ss-popup-overlay .ss-copy-action .ss-button{font-weight:400;font-family:inherit;position:absolute;right:6px;top:5px;background-color:#557ceb;color:#fff;padding:0;line-height:38px;height:38px;width:105px;font-size:16px;z-index:9;border-radius:2px}.ss-popup-overlay .ss-copy-action svg{position:absolute;height:24px;width:24px;top:50%;left:15px;margin-top:-12px;fill:#dadada}.ss-popup-overlay .ss-popup{opacity:0;border-radius:2px;max-width:90%;max-height:90%;width:720px;height:auto}.ss-popup-overlay .ss-popup .ss-popup-heading{display:block;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-size:16px;font-weight:300;color:#323b43;background-color:#fff;line-height:58px;height:58px;padding:0 0 0 24px;margin:0;border-top-left-radius:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px}.ss-popup-overlay .ss-popup .ss-close-modal{margin-left:auto;padding:0 24px;height:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;color:#a9a9a9}.ss-popup-overlay .ss-popup .ss-close-modal svg{width:16px;height:16px}.ss-popup-overlay .ss-popup .ss-popup-content{position:relative;top:3px;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;max-height:70vh;background-color:#fff;overflow-y:scroll;padding:24px 24px 20px;border-bottom-left-radius:4px;border-bottom-right-radius:4px}.ss-popup-overlay .ss-popup .ss-popup-networks{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 -6px}.ss-popup-overlay .ss-popup .ss-popup-networks .ss-popup-network{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;width:33.33%;padding:0 6px 6px;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;float:left;display:inline-block}.ss-popup-overlay .ss-popup .ss-popup-networks .ss-popup-network>a{position:relative;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;height:40px;padding:0 15px 0 0;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;line-height:40px;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;color:#fff;border-radius:2px;font-weight:500;font-size:13px;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis}.ss-popup-overlay .ss-popup .ss-popup-networks .ss-popup-network>a span:first-child{position:relative;z-index:2;height:40px;width:40px;text-align:center;line-height:40px;font-size:16px;margin-right:10px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.15);display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}.ss-popup-overlay .ss-popup .ss-popup-networks .ss-popup-network>a svg{fill:#fff;height:16px;width:inherit;z-index:1}.ss-popup-overlay .ss-popup .ss-popup-networks .ss-popup-network>a span:first-child:before{content:"";position:absolute;left:0;top:0;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1)}.ss-popup-overlay .ss-popup .ss-popup-networks .ss-popup-network>a span{position:relative;z-index:3}.ss-popup-overlay .ss-popup .ss-popup-networks .ss-popup-network>a:before{position:absolute;content:"";background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;z-index:1}.ss-share-network-tooltip{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Arial,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:initial;position:absolute;line-height:1;left:100%;margin-left:12px;background-color:rgba(56,70,84,.85);top:50%;width:auto;white-space:nowrap;padding:8px 10px;border-radius:2px;font-size:12px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.9);z-index:2;opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(-7px) translateY(-50%);-ms-transform:translateX(-7px) translateY(-50%);transform:translateX(-7px) translateY(-50%)}.ss-copy-action .ss-share-network-tooltip{left:auto;margin-left:0;right:100%;margin-right:12px;-webkit-transform:translateX(7px) translateY(-50%);-ms-transform:translateX(7px) translateY(-50%);transform:translateX(7px) translateY(-50%)}.ss-social-icons-container>li .ss-ss-on-media-button:after{content:"";background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:1}.ss-on-media-wrapper.ss-circle-icons .ss-social-icons-container>li>.ss-ss-on-media-button{border-radius:52px}.ss-on-media-wrapper.ss-with-spacing .ss-social-icons-container>li{padding:0 3px!important}.ss-on-media-wrapper{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Arial,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif}.ss-on-media-wrapper .ss-social-icons-container{margin:0!important;padding:0;list-style:none}.ss-on-media-wrapper .ss-social-icons-container>li{position:relative;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.ss-on-media-wrapper .ss-social-icons-container>li:before{display:none}.ss-on-media-wrapper .ss-social-icons-container>li>.ss-ss-on-media-button{position:relative;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center;width:52px;height:52px;line-height:52px;color:#fff;overflow:hidden;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;text-decoration:none!important}.ss-on-media-wrapper .ss-social-icons-container>li>.ss-ss-on-media-button svg{height:16px;width:inherit;z-index:1}@media screen and (max-width:782px){.ss-popup-overlay .ss-popup .ss-popup-networks .ss-popup-network{width:50%}}@media screen and (max-width:500px){.ss-popup-overlay .ss-popup .ss-popup-networks .ss-popup-network{width:100%}}
Protecting northern water supplies from toxic metals in thawing permafrost - StuffsEarth
Skip to content
Posted by
Alienx
October 30, 2024
Graphical abstract. Credit: Environmental Science & Technology (2024). DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c05594
As the climate warms and Arctic permafrost thaws, some of the toxic elements locked away in it are starting to emerge and could contaminate the water supplies that many northern communities rely on.
Elliott Skierszkan, a geologist at Carleton University, and his colleagues recently measured the concentrations of naturally occurring uranium and arsenic in water released from permafrost samples collected in the Yukon.
“Our samples had levels of uranium and arsenic in the water beyond what would be considered safe,” he says. The work was published in two papers, one in Environmental Science and Technology and the other in ACS Earth and Space Chemistry .
Using the Canadian Light Source at the University of Saskatchewan, Skierszkan also probed the chemical composition of the elements in the solid portion of the permafrost. The team found that uranium was largely associated with organic carbon in the soil, while arsenic was associated with iron oxides.
“The synchrotron was essential to understanding the chemistry of these elements and their potential to be mobilized,” says Skierszkan.
The results showed that the fate of both elements was linked to organic carbon. As the permafrost thaws, the organic matter it contains breaks down, which can release associated uranium. This decaying organic matter can also cause the iron oxides and the arsenic associated with them to dissolve into the water.
Skierszkan says these findings “show the increased need to monitor these processes,” to keep an eye on water quality. More than 90% of the population in the Yukon relies on groundwater, and while people don’t currently drink water from the study sites, it will be important to monitor water quality in populated areas where permafrost is at risk of thawing.
There are also implications for mineral exploration—the changing baseline of water quality needs to be considered in the waste remediation plans for mines, and mine locations should be selected to minimize disruptions to permafrost.
“There’s a big shift happening with water chemistry in the North, and that has implications for ecosystem health,” says Skierszkan. “How that plays out in the coming years we don’t know, but we can anticipate there’s going to be some change.”
More information:
Elliott K. Skierszkan et al, Uranium Speciation and Mobilization in Thawing Permafrost, Environmental Science & Technology (2024). DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c05594
Elliott K. Skierszkan et al, Arsenic Mobilization from Thawing Permafrost, ACS Earth and Space Chemistry (2024). DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00355
Provided by
Canadian Light Source
Citation :
Protecting northern water supplies from toxic metals in thawing permafrost (2024, October 30)
retrieved 30 October 2024
from
This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no
part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.
Reference :
Reference link
Scroll to Top